A PRINTER

A PRINTER


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A WEB DESIGN


Web design is the process of creating websites. It encompasses several different aspects, including webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. While the terms web design and web development are often used interchangeably, web design is technically a subset of the broader category of web development.
Websites are created using a markup language called HTML. Web designers build webpages using HTML tags that define the content and metadata of each page. The layout and appearance of the elements within a webpage are typically defined using CSS, or cascading style sheets. Therefore, most websites include a combination of HTML and CSS that defines how each page will appear in a browser.
Some web designers prefer to hand code pages (typing HTML and CSS from scratch), while others use a "WYSIWYG" editor like Adobe Dreamweaver. This type of editor provides a visual interface for designing the webpage layout and the software automatically generates the corresponding HTML and CSS code. Another popular way to design websites is with a content management system like WordPress or Joomla. These services provide different website templates that can be used as a starting point for a new website. Webmasters can then add content and customize the layout using a web-based interface.
While HTML and CSS are used to design the look and feel of a website, images must be created separately. Therefore, graphic design may overlap with web design, since graphic designers often create images for use on the Web. Some graphics programs like Adobe Photoshop even include a "Save for Web…" option that provides an easy way to export images in a format optimized for web publishing.

Central processing unit {CPU}....

Central processing unit {CPU}
The central processing unit (CPU) is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computer's other hardware and software.
All sorts of devices use a CPU, including desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, smartphones... even your flat-screen television set.
Intel and AMD are the two most popular CPU manufacturers for desktops, laptops, and servers, while Apple , NVIDIA , and Qualcomm are big smartphone and tablet CPU makers.
You may see many different names used to describe the CPU, including processor, computer processor, microprocessor, central processor, and "the brains of the computer."
Computer monitors or hard drives are sometimes
very incorrectly referred to as the CPU, but those pieces of hardware serve entirely different purposes and are in no way the same thing as the CPU.
What a CPU Looks Like and Where It's Located
A modern CPU is usually small and square, with many short, rounded, metallic connectors on its underside. Some older CPUs have pins instead of metallic connectors.
The CPU attaches directly to a CPU "socket" (or sometimes a "slot") on the motherboard . The CPU is inserted into the socket pin-side-down, and a small lever helps to secure the processor.
After running even a short while, modern CPUs can get very hot. To help dissipate this heat, it's almost always necessary to attach a heat sink and a fan directly on top of the CPU.
Typically, these come bundled with a CPU purchase.
Other more advanced cooling options are also available, including water cooling kits and phase change units.
As mentioned above, not all CPUs have pins on their bottom sides, but in the ones that do, the pins are easily bent. Take great care when handling, especially when installing onto the motherboard.
CPU Clock Speed
The clock speed of a processor is the number of instructions it can process in any given second, measured in gigahertz (GHz).
For example, a CPU has a clock speed of 1 Hz if it can process one piece of instruction every second. Extrapolating this to a more real-world example: a CPU with a clock speed of 3.0 GHz can process 3 billion instructions each second.
CPU Cores
Some devices have a single-core processor while others may have a dual-core (or quad-core, etc.) processor. As might already be apparent, having two processor units working side by side means that the CPU can simultaneously manage twice the instructions every second, drastically improving performance.
Some CPUs can virtualize two cores for every one physical core that's available, known as
Hyper-Threading . Virtualizing means that a CPU with only four cores can function as if it has eight, with the additional virtual CPU cores referred to as separate threads. Physical cores, though, do perform better than virtual ones.
CPU permitting, some applications can use what's called multithreading. If a thread is understood as a single piece of a computer process, then using multiple threads in a single CPU core means more instructions can be understood and processed at once.
Some software can take advantage of this feature on more than one CPU core, which means that even more instructions can be processed simultaneously.
Example: Intel Core i3 vs. i5 vs. i7
For a more specific example of how some CPUs are faster than others, let's look at how Intel has developed its processors.
Just as you'd probably suspect from their naming, Intel Core i7 chips perform better than i5 chips, which perform better than i3 chips. Why one performs better or worse than others is a bit more complex but still pretty easy to understand.
Intel Core i3 processors are dual-core processors, while i5 and i7 chips are quad-core.

A Monitor {VDU}

A Monitor {VDU}
The monitor is the piece of computer hardware that displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer through the video card.
Monitors are very similar to televisions but usually display information at a much higher resolution. Also unlike televisions, monitors are not usually mounted on a wall but instead sit atop a desk.
Other Names of a Monitor
A monitor is sometimes referred to as a screen, display, video display, video display terminal, video display unit, or video screen.
A monitor is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the computer, as in the hardware within the
computer case, like the hard drive, video card, etc. For example, shutting down the computer isn't the same thing as turning off the monitor. It's important for that distinction to be made.
Important Monitor Facts
A monitor, no matter the type, usually connects to either an HDMI, DVI, or VGA port. Other connectors include USB , DisplayPort, and Thunderbolt. Before investing in a new monitor, make sure that both devices support the same type of connection.
For example, you don't want to buy a monitor that has only an HDMI port when your computer is only capable of accepting a VGA connection. Although most video cards and monitors have multiple ports so as to work with various kinds of both devices, it's still important to check their compatibility.
If you do need to connect an older cable to a newer port, like VGA to HDMI, there are adapters for this very purpose.
Monitors are not typically user serviceable. For your safety , it's not usually wise to open and work on a monitor.
Popular Monitor Manufacturers
The following are some of the most popular brands of computer monitors available for purchase: Acer , Hanns-G , Dell, LG Electronics, and Sceptre.
Monitor Description
Monitors are display devices external to the computer case and connect via a cable to a port on the video card or motherboard .
Even though the monitor sits outside the main computer housing, it is an essential part of the complete system.
Monitors come in two major types - LCD or CRT , but others exist too, like OLED . CRT monitors look much like old-fashioned televisions and are very deep in size. LCD monitors are much thinner, use less energy, and provide a greater graphics quality. OLED is an improvement on LCD that provides even better color and and viewing angles but also requires more power.
LCD monitors have completely obsoleted CRT monitors due to their higher quality, smaller "footprint" on the desk, and decreasing price. OLED, although newer, is still more expensive and therefore not as widely used when it comes to monitors in the home.
Most monitors are in a widescreen format and range in size from 17" to 24" or more. This size is a diagonal measurement from one corner of the screen to the other.
Monitors are built-in as part of the computer system in laptops, tablets, netbooks, and all-in-one desktop machines. However, you can buy one separately if you're looking to upgrade from your current monitor.
Although monitors are considered output devices since they usually only serve the purpose of outputting information to the screen, some of them are touch screens as well.
This type of monitor is considered both an input and output device, which is usually called an
input/output device, or an I/O device.
Some monitors have integrated accessories like a microphone, speakers, camera, or USB hub.
More Information on Monitors
Are you dealing with a monitor that isn't showing anything on the screen? Read our guide on How to Test a Computer Monitor That Isn't Working for steps that involve checking the monitor for loose connections , making sure the brightness is properly set, and more.
Newer LCD monitors should be cleaned with care and not like you would a piece of glass or older CRT monitor.

A keyboard...

A Keyboard
The keyboard is the piece of computer hardware used to input text, characters, and other commands into a computer or similar device.
Even though the keyboard is an external
peripheral device in a desktop system (it sits outside the main computer housing ), or is "virtual" in a tablet PC, it is an essential part of the complete computer system.
Microsoft and Logitech are the probably the most popular physical keyboard manufacturers, but many other hardware makers also produce them.
Keyboard Physical Description
Modern computer keyboards were modeled after, and are still very similar to, classic typewriter keyboards. Many different keyboard layouts are available around the world (like Dvorak and
JCUKEN) but most keyboards are of the QWERTY type.
Most keyboards have numbers, letters, symbols, arrow keys, etc., but some also have a numeric keypad, additional functions like volume control, buttons to power down or sleep the device, or even a built-in trackball mouse that's intended to provide an easy way to use both the keyboard and the mouse without having to lift your hand off the keyboard.
Keyboard Connection Types
Many keyboards are wireless, communicating with the computer via Bluetooth or an RF receiver.
Wired keyboards connect to the motherboard via a USB cable, using the USB Type A connector . Older keyboards connect via a PS/2 connection. Keyboards on laptops are of course integrated, but technically would be considered "wired" since that's how they are connected to the computer.
Note: Both wireless and wired keyboards require a specific device driver in order to be used with the computer. Drivers for standard, non-advanced keyboards usually don't need to be downloaded because they're already included in the operating system . See How Do I Update Drivers in Windows? if you think you may need to install a keyboard driver but aren't sure how to do it.
Tablets, phones, and other computers with touch interfaces often don't include physical keyboards. However, most do have USB receptacles or wireless technologies which allow external keyboards to be attached.
Like tablets, most modern mobile phones utilize on-screen keyboards to maximize the screen size; the keyboard can be used when needed but then that same screen space can be used for other things like watching videos. If the phone does have a keyboard, it's sometimes a slide-out, hidden keyboard that rests behind the screen. This both maximizes available screen space as well as allows for a familiar physical keyboard.
Laptops and netbooks have integrated keyboards but, like tablets, can have external keyboards attached via USB.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Though most of us use a keyboard nearly every day, there are many keys you probably don't use, or at least aren't sure why you use them. Below are some examples of keyboard buttons that can be used together to form a new function.
Modifier Keys
Some keys you should become familiar with are called modifier keys. You'll probably see some of these in the troubleshooting guides here on my site; the Control, Shift, and Alt keys are modifier keys.
Mac keyboards use the Option and Command keys as modifier keys.
Unlike a normal key like a letter or a number, modifier keys modify the function of another key. The regular function of the 7 key, for example, is to input the number 7, but if you hold down the
Shift and 7 keys simultaneously, the ampersand (&) sign is produced.
Some of the effects of a modifier key can be seen on the keyboard as keys that have two actions, like the 7 key. Keys like this have two functions where the topmost action is "activated" with the Shift key.
Ctrl-C is a keyboard shortcut you're probably familiar with. It's used for copying something to the clipboard so that you can use the Ctrl-V combination to paste it.

A Mouse...

MOUSE
The mouse, sometimes called a pointer, is a hand-operated input device used to manipulate objects on a computer screen.
Whether the mouse uses a laser or ball, or is wired or wireless, a movement detected from the mouse sends instructions to the computer to move the cursor on the screen in order to interact with files , windows, and other software elements.
Even though the mouse is a peripheral device that sits outside the main computer housing , it's an essential piece of computer hardware in most systems...

Mouse Physical Description
Computer mice come in many shapes and sizes but are all designed to fit either the left or right hand, and be used on a flat surface.
The standard mouse has two buttons toward the front (to left-click and right-click) and a scroll wheel in the center (to quickly move the screen up and down). However, a computer mouse can have anywhere from one to several more buttons to provide a wide variety of other functions (like the 12-button Razer Naga Chroma MMO Gaming Mouse).
While older mice use a small ball on the bottom to control the cursor, newer ones use a laser. Some computer mice instead have a large ball on top of the mouse so that instead of moving the mouse across a surface to interact with the computer, the user keeps the mouse stationary and instead moves the ball with a finger. The
Logitech M570 is one example of this type of mouse.
No matter what type of mouse is used, they all communicate with the computer either wirelessly or via a physical, wired connection.
If wireless, mice connect to the computer either via RF communication or Bluetooth. An RF-based wireless mouse will require a receiver that will physically connect to the computer. A Bluetooth wireless mouse connects via the computer's Bluetooth hardware. See How to Install a Wireless Keyboard and Mouse for a short look at how a wireless mouse setup works.
If wired, mice connect to the computer via USB using a Type A connector . Older mice connect via PS/2 ports. Either way, it's usually a direct connection to the motherboard .
Drivers for a Computer Mouse
Like any piece of hardware, a computer mouse works with a computer only if the proper device driver is installed. A basic mouse will work right out of the box because the operating system likely already has the driver ready for installation, but special software is needed for a more advanced mouse that has more functions.
The advanced mouse might work just fine as a regular mouse but it's likely that the extra buttons won't function until the right driver is installed.
The best way to install a missing mouse driver is through the manufacturer's website. Logitech and Microsoft are the most popular manufacturers of mice, but you'll see them from other hardware makers as well. See How Do I Update Drivers in Windows? for instructions on manually installing these types of drivers in your specific version of Windows .
However, one of the easiest ways to install drivers is to use a free driver updater tool . If you go this route, just be sure the mouse is plugged in when you start the driver scan.
Some drivers can be downloaded through
Windows Update , so that's another option if you still can't seem to find the right one.
Note: Basic options for controlling the mouse can be configured in Windows through Control Panel. Search for the Mouse Control Panel applet, or use the control mouse Run command , to open a set of options that let you swap the mouse buttons, pick a new mouse pointer, change the double-click speed, display pointer trails, hide the pointer when typing, adjust the pointer speed, and more.
More Information on the Computer Mouse
A mouse is supported only on devices that have a graphical user interface.

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